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Ok

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Word from the English language

OK (spelling variations include okay , O.K. , ok and Ok ) is an English discussion (originally American English language) denoting approval, acceptance, agreement, assent, acknowledgment, or a sign of indifference. OK is frequently used as a loanword in other languages. It has been described as the near oft spoken or written word on the planet.[one] The origins of the word are disputed.

As an adjective, OK principally means "acceptable" or "acceptable" equally a contrast to "bad" ("The boss approved this, so it is OK to ship out"); information technology can also mean "mediocre" when used in contrast with "skilful" ("The french chips were bully, only the burger was merely OK"). It fulfills a similar role as an adverb ("Wow, you did OK for your start time skiing!"). Every bit an interjection, information technology can denote compliance ("OK, I will do that"),[two] or understanding ("OK, that is fine"). It tin can mean "assent" when information technology is used as a noun ("the boss gave her the OK to the buy") or, more than colloquially, as a verb ("the boss OKed the buy"). OK, as an adjective, can express acknowledgement without blessing.[3] Equally a versatile discourse marker or continuer, information technology tin can also be used with appropriate intonation to bear witness doubt or to seek confirmation ("OK?", "Is that OK?").[4] [2] Some of this variation in use and shape of the word is also found in other languages.[v]

The etymologies of OK

Many explanations for the origin of the expression have been suggested, just few have been discussed seriously by linguists. The following proposals accept found mainstream recognition.[half-dozen]

Boston abridgement fad

The etymology that most reference works provide today is based on a survey of the discussion's early history in print: a series of six manufactures by Allen Walker Read[vii] in the journal American Oral communication in 1963 and 1964.[eight] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [xiv] He tracked the spread and development of the word in American newspapers and other written documents, and subsequently throughout the rest of the globe. He also documented controversy surrounding OK and the history of its folk etymologies, both of which are intertwined with the history of the word itself. Read argues that, at the time of the expression's first appearance in print, a broader fad existed in the Usa of "comical misspellings" and of forming and employing acronyms, themselves based on colloquial speech patterns:

The abridgement fad began in Boston in the summertime of 1838 ... and used expressions similar OFM, "our kickoff men," NG, "no go," GT, "gone to Texas," and SP, "pocket-sized potatoes." Many of the abbreviated expressions were exaggerated misspellings, a stock in merchandise of the humorists of the twenty-four hour period. 1 predecessor of OK was OW, "oll wright."[15]

The general fad is speculated to have existed in spoken or informal written U.Southward. English language for a decade or more before its appearance in newspapers. OK 's original presentation as "all correct" was subsequently varied with spellings such equally "Oll Korrect" or even "Ole Kurreck".

The term appears to accept achieved national prominence in 1840, when supporters of the Democratic political party claimed during the 1840 United States presidential election that it stood for "Former Kinderhook", a nickname for the Democratic president and candidate for reelection, Martin Van Buren, a native of Kinderhook, New York. "Vote for OK" was snappier than using his Dutch name.[sixteen] In response, Whig opponents attributed OK, in the sense of "Oll Korrect," to the bad spelling of Andrew Jackson, Van Buren'southward predecessor. The country-wide publicity surrounding the election appears to have been a critical issue in OK 'due south history, widely and suddenly popularizing it across the United States.

Read proposed an etymology of OK in "Old Kinderhook" in 1941.[17] The show presented in that article was somewhat sparse, and the connection to "Oll Korrect" non fully elucidated. Various challenges to the etymology were presented; e.thousand., Heflin's 1962 commodity.[18] Even so, Read's landmark 1963–1964 papers silenced well-nigh of the skepticism. Read's etymology gained immediate acceptance, and is at present offered without reservation in most dictionaries.[8] Read himself was nevertheless open to evaluating culling explanations:

Some believe that the Boston newspaper'due south reference to OK may not exist the primeval. Some are attracted to the claim that it is of American-Indian origin. There is an Indian give-and-take, okeh, used every bit an affirmative reply to a question. Mr Read treated such doubting calmly. "Aught is accented," he once wrote, "nix is forever."[16]

Choctaw

In "All Mixed Upwardly", the folk singer Pete Seeger sang that OK was of Choctaw origin,[xix] every bit the dictionaries of the time tended to agree. Iii major American reference works (Webster's, New Century, Funk & Wagnalls) cited this etymology as the probable origin until every bit late equally 1961.[19]

The earliest written evidence for the Choctaw origin is provided in work by the Christian missionaries Cyrus Byington and Alfred Wright in 1825.[ citation needed ] These missionaries ended many sentences in their translation of the Bible with the particle "okeh", meaning "it is and then",[ citation needed ] which was listed as an alternative spelling in the 1913 Webster's.[20]

Byington's Dictionary of the Choctaw Language confirms the ubiquity of the "okeh" particle,[21] and his Grammar of the Choctaw Language calls the particle -keh an "affirmative contradistinctive", with the "distinctive" o- prefix.[22]

Subsequent Choctaw spelling books de-emphasized the spellings lists in favor of straight prose, and they made use of the particle[,] simply they too never included it in the discussion lists or discussed it directly. The presumption was that the use of particle "oke" or "hoke" was so common and cocky-evident as to preclude any demand for explanation or discussion for either its Choctaw or not-Choctaw readership.[19]

The Choctaw language was one of the languages spoken at this time in the Southeastern United States past a tribe with significant contact with African slaves.[23] The major language of trade in this expanse, Mobilian Jargon, was based on Choctaw-Chickasaw, two Muskogean-family languages. This language was used, in detail, for communication with the slave-owning[24] [25] Cherokee (an Iroquoian-family language).[26] [27] For the iii decades prior to the Boston abridgement fad, the Choctaw had been in extensive negotiation with the US authorities,[28] later having fought alongside them at the Battle of New Orleans.

Arguments for a more Southern origin for the word notation the tendency of English language to prefer loan words in language contact situations, likewise every bit the ubiquity of the OK particle. Similar particles exist in native language groups distinct from Iroquoian (Algonquian, Cree cf. "ekosi").

Westward African

A verifiable early written testament of the particle 'kay' is from transcription by Smyth (1784) of a North Carolina slave not wanting to be flogged by a European visiting America:

Kay, massa, you merely leave me, me sit here, great fish bound up into da canoe, here he be, massa, fine fish, massa; me den very grad; den me sit down very however, until another great fish jump into de canoe; ...[29]

A West African (Mande and/or Bantu) etymology has been argued in scholarly sources, tracing the discussion back to the Wolof and Bantu give-and-take waw-kay or the Mande (aka "Mandinke" or "Mandingo") phrase o ke.

David Dalby first fabricated the claim that the particle OK could have African origins in the 1969 Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture. His argument was reprinted in various paper articles between 1969 and 1971.[30] This suggestion has also been mentioned more than recently by Joseph Holloway, who argued in the 1993 book The African Heritage of American English language (co-written with a retired missionary) that various West African languages have near-homophone discourse markers with meanings such every bit "aye indeed" or which serve as part of the back-channeling repertoire.[four] [31] Frederic Cassidy challenged Dalby's claims, asserting that in that location is no documentary evidence that whatever of these African-language words had any causal link with its use in the American press.[30]

The West African hypothesis had non been accepted past 1981 past whatever etymologists,[thirty] [32] [33] yet has since appeared in scholarly sources published by linguists and non-linguists akin.[34]

Alternative etymologies

A large number of origins have been proposed. Some of them are idea to fall into the category of folk etymology and are proposed based merely on apparent similarity betwixt OK and one or another phrase in a foreign linguistic communication with a similar meaning and audio. Some examples are:

  • A abuse from the spoken language of the large number of descendants of Scottish and Ulster Scots (Scots-Irish) immigrants to North America, of the mutual Scots phrase och yep ("oh yes").[12]
  • A borrowing of the Greek phrase όλα καλά ( óla kalá ), meaning "all skillful".[35]

Early history

Allen Walker Read identifies the earliest known use of O.1000. in print as 1839, in the edition of 23 March of the Boston Morning Postal service. The announcement of a trip by the Anti-Bell-Ringing Society (a "frolicsome grouping" according to Read) received attention from the Boston papers. Charles Gordon Greene wrote about the event using the line that is widely regarded every bit the start instance of this strain of OK, complete with gloss:

The above is from the Providence Periodical, the editor of which is a petty too quick on the trigger, on this occasion. Nosotros said not a give-and-take about our deputation passing "through the city" of Providence.—We said our brethren were going to New York in the Richmond, and they did get, as per Post of Thursday. The "Chairman of the Committee on Clemency Lecture Bells," is 1 of the deputation, and mayhap if he should render to Boston, via Providence, he of the Journal, and his train-band, would have his "contribution box," et ceteras, o.k.—all correct—and cause the corks to fly, like sparks, upwardly.

Read gives a number of subsequent appearances in print. 7 instances were accompanied with glosses that were variations on "all right" such every bit "oll korrect" or "ole kurreck", just five appeared with no accompanying caption, suggesting that the word was expected to be well known to readers and possibly in common colloquial employ at the fourth dimension.

Various claims of earlier usage have been made. For example, it was claimed that the phrase appeared in a 1790 court record from Sumner Canton, Tennessee, discovered in 1859 by a Tennessee historian named Albigence Waldo Putnam, in which Andrew Jackson plain said "proved a bill of auction from Hugh McGary to Gasper Mansker, for a Negro man, which was O.K.".[36] Notwithstanding, Read challenged such claims, and his assertions have been more often than not accepted. The lawyer who successfully argued many Indian rights claims,[ clarification needed (Who?)] even so, supports the Jacksonian popularization of the term based on its Choctaw origin.[37]

David Dalby brought upwardly a 1941 reference dating the term to 1815. The apparent notation "we arrived ok" appears in the hand-written diary of William Richardson traveling from Boston to New Orleans about a month after the Battle of New Orleans.[38] However, Frederic Cassidy asserts that he personally tracked down this diary, writing:

After many attempts to track down this diary, Read and I at last discovered that it is owned by the grandson of the original writer, Professor 50. Richardson, Jr., of the Department of Classical Studies at Duke University. Through his courtesy we were able to examine this manuscript carefully, to make greatly enlarged photographs of it, and to get convinced (as is Richardson) that, whatever the marks in the manuscript are, they are not OK.[30]

Similarly, H. L. Mencken, who originally considered it "very clear that 'o. k.' is actually in the manuscript",[39] subsequently recanted his endorsement of the expression, asserting that information technology was used no before than 1839. Mencken (following Read) described the diary entry equally a misreading of the author'south self-correction, and stated information technology was in reality the first ii letters of the words a h[andsome] before noticing the phrase had been used in the previous line and irresolute his heed.[xl]

Some other instance given by Dalby is a Jamaican planter's diary of 1816, which records a black slave saying "Oh ki, massa, physician no need be fearfulness, nosotros no want to hurt him".[41] Cassidy asserts that this is a misreading of the source, which actually begins "Oh, ki, massa ...", where ki is a phrase by itself:

In all other examples of this interjection that I take found, information technology is simply ki (one time spelled kie). As here, it expresses surprise, amusement, satisfaction, mild expostulation, and the like. It has zilch like the pregnant of the adjective OK, which in the primeval recorded examples means 'all right, good,' though it afterwards acquires other meanings, but even when used every bit an interjection does not express surprise, expostulation, or anything like.[30]

Variations

Whether this word is printed as OK, Ok, ok, okay, or O.Grand. is a matter normally resolved in the mode manual for the publication involved. Dictionaries and manner guides such as The Chicago Manual of Style and The New York Times Transmission of Style and Usage provide no consensus.[42]

Variation Where used/Origins
okeh Choctaw word for 'it is so' (see in a higher place). An alternative English spelling, no longer mutual,[20] although it remained in sporadic utilize well into the 20th century.[43] [44] [45] Besides see Okeh Records.
hokay Used in English as an culling.
kay or 'kay Notably used in Herman Wouk's The Caine Mutiny as a filler word by the maniacal Captain Queeg.[ citation needed ]
k or kk or oka Commonly used in instant messaging, or in SMS messages. Before the days of SMS, "Yard" was used as a Morse code prosign for "Go Ahead".
okay okay Reduplicated okay. Used in a multifariousness of languages, including Japanese and Korean.[46]
Okie dokie This slang term was popularized in the film "The Petty Rascals" (Oki doki). Also with alternate spellings, including okeydoke.[47] The phrase can be extended further, east.thou. "Okie dokie (aka) pokie / smokie / artichokie / karaoke / lokie," etc.[48] [49] Besides adopted into other languages, due east.g. in Dutch, in such spellings as okiedokie,[50] or Okie Dokie.[51]
ô-kê Used in Vietnam; okey also used, but ok more commonly.[52]
okei Used in Norwegian, Icelandic, Finnish and Estonian (together with OK or ok)
okey Used in Catalan, Faeroese, Filipino, Russian, Castilian and Turkish, sounding similar to the English pronunciation OK.
okej Used in Smooth, Serbian, Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian, Swedish, and sometimes Latvian; ok also used, but considered to be a office of more colloquial cyberspace language.[53]
oké Used in Dutch and Hungarian. In Dutch, oke, ok and okay are also used, but are less common in the formal written language.[54]
okå Used in Norway. Pronounced the same way as OK; the spelling arises from the pronunciation of the individual letters O and Yard in Norwegian. Okei and oukei are also commonly used written or spoken.[55]
ookoo Used in Finland. Pronounced the same way as OK; the spelling arises from the pronunciation of the individual letters in Finnish.[56]
oquei and ocá Nowadays, rarely used in Portuguese, but once a fad in Brazil. Pronounced as the English OK or following the names of the letters in Portuguese (oh-kah). In written Portuguese, however very much used every bit OK.
oukej Used in Czech and Slovak. Pronounced as the English OK. When written OK, it is pronounced [o:ka:]. Neither version recognized as official.
owkej Used in Maltese. Pronounced as the English OK.
oukei Used in colloquial Afrikaans. Pronounced also as OK.
או קיי Used in vernacular Modern Hebrew. Pronounced also every bit OK.
O.K. Used in Greek. The abridgement is pronounced every bit the English okay. A myth is erroneously circulated by some in Greece that 'OK' tin can be traced dorsum to the Greek expression 'Όλα Καλά', which means 'all is well'.
A-OK A more technical-sounding variation popularized past NASA in 1961.[57]
One thousand'kay Slang term popularized by Southward Park Television show. Pronounced also every bit "Mmmm K". This variation has connotations of sarcasm, such as condescending disagreement.
Okily Dokily! Catchphrase used by Ned Flanders in The Simpsons.
اوكي Used in Standard arabic. Pronounced also as OK.
โอเค Thai. Pronounced "o khe".[58]

Usage

In 1961, NASA popularized the variant "A-OK" during the launch of Alan Shepard'due south Mercury mission.[59]

International usage

In Brazil, Mexico and Peru, as well as in other Latin American countries, the discussion is pronounced just as it is in English and is used very frequently. Spanish speakers oft spell the discussion "okey" to conform with the spelling rules of the linguistic communication. In Brazil, it may be likewise pronounced as "ô-kei". In Portugal, it is used with its Portuguese pronunciation and sounds something like "ókâi" (similar to the English pronunciation just with the "ó" sounding like the "o" in "lost" or "top"), or fifty-fifty every bit 'oh-kapa', from the letters O ('ó') and Grand ('capa'). In Spain it's much less mutual than in Latin American countries (words such as "vale" are preferred) but it may notwithstanding exist heard.

In Flanders and the Netherlands, OK has become role of the everyday Dutch language. Information technology is pronounced the same manner.

Arabic speakers also use the word (أوكي) widely, particularly in areas of erstwhile British presence similar Egypt, Jordan, Israel/Palestine and Republic of iraq, simply likewise all over the Arab globe due to the prevalence of American movie theater and television set. It is pronounced just as it is in English language but is very rarely seen in Arabic newspapers and formal media.

In Hebrew, the word OK is common as an equivalent to the Hebrew word בסדר [b'seder] ('acceptable', 'in order'). Information technology is written as it sounds in English אוקיי.

Information technology is used in Japan and Korea in a somewhat restricted sense, fairly equivalent to "all correct". OK is often used in colloquial Japanese as a replacement for 大丈夫 (daijōbu "all correct")　or いい (ii "good") and ofttimes followed by です (desu – the copula). A transliteration of the English give-and-take, written as オーケー (lit. "ōkē") or オッケー (lit. "okkē") is likewise oftentimes used in the same mode as the English language, and is becoming more popular in contempo years. In Korean, 오케이 (literally "okay") can be used colloquially in place of 네 (ne, "yes") when expressing blessing or acquittance.

In Chinese, the term 好; hǎo (literally: "good"), can exist modified to fit nearly of usages of OK. For example, 好了; hǎo le closely resembles the interjection usage of OK. The "了" indicates a change of country; in this case it indicates the accomplishment of consensus. Also, OK is commonly transformed into "OK了" (OK le) when communicating with foreigners or with boyfriend Cantonese speaking people in at least Hong Kong and perchance to an extent other regions of China.[60] Other usages of OK such equally "I am OK" can exist translated as 我还好; wǒ hái hǎo . In Hong Kong, movies or dramas set in mod times employ the term okay every bit part of the sprinkling of English included in otherwise Cantonese dialog. In Mandarin Chinese it is also somewhat humorously used in the "spelling" of the word for karaoke, "卡拉OK", pronounced "kah-lah-oh-kei" (Mandarin does not natively accept a syllable with the pronunciation "kei"). On the computer, OK is unremarkably translated every bit 确定; quèdìng , which means "confirm" or "confirmed".

In Taiwan, OK is often used in various sentences, popular among but non limited to younger generations. This includes the aforementioned "OK了" (Okay le), "OK嗎" (Okay ma), pregnant "Is it okay?" or "OK啦" (Okay la), a stiff, persuading affirmative, as well as the somewhat natural language-in-cheek explicit yes/no construction "O不OK？" (O bù OK?), "Is information technology OK or not?"

In Russia, OK is used very frequently for any positive meaning. The word in Russian has many morphologies: "окей", "океюшки", "ок", "окейно", etc.

In France and Belgium, OK is used to communicate agreement, and is generally followed by a French phrase (east.g. OK, d'accord, "Okay, chef") or another borrowing (due east.chiliad., OK, boss. ok, bye.). Rarely pronounced /ɔk/ these days, except past immature children encountering dialog boxes for the commencement times.

In the Philippines, "okay lang" is a common expression that literally ways "information technology'due south okay" or "it's fine". It is sometimes spelled every bit okey.

In Malay, it is oftentimes used with the emphatic suffix "lah": OK-lah.

In Vietnamese, it is spelled "Ô-kê".

In Bharat, it is often used after a sentence to mean "did you get it?", oftentimes not regarded politely, for instance, "I want this job done, OK?" or at the end of a conversation (more often than not on the phone) followed by "adieu" as in "OK, bye."

In Indonesia, OK or oke is also used every bit a slogan of national television network RCTI since 1994.

In Pakistan, OK has become a office of Urdu and Panjabi languages.

In Germany, OK is spelled as o.1000. or O.K. or okay. It may be pronounced as in English, but /ɔˈkeː/ or /oˈkeː/ are also common.[61] The meaning ranges from acknowledgement to describing something neither skillful nor bad, same as in United states/Britain usage.

In Maldivian Okay is used in different ways, often used to concord with something, more often used while departing from a gathering "Okay Dahnee/Kendee."

In Singapore, OK is often used with suffixes used in "Singlish" such as OK lor, OK lah, OK meh, OK leh, which are used in different occasions.

Gesture

In the United States and much of Europe a related gesture is fabricated past touching the index finger with the thumb (forming a rough circle) and raising of the remaining fingers.[62] Information technology is not known whether the gesture is derived from the expression, or if the gesture appeared first. The gesture was popularized in the U.s.a. in 1840 as a symbol to support then Presidential candidate Martin Van Buren. This was because Van Buren'due south nickname, Erstwhile Kinderhook, derived from his hometown of Kinderhook, NY, had the initials O Chiliad.[62] Like gestures have different meanings in other cultures, some offensive, others devotional.[63] [64]

Computers

OK is used to label buttons in modal dialog boxes such as mistake messages or print dialogs, indicating that the user must press the button to take the contents of the dialog box and continue. When a modal dialog box contains but 1 push, it is virtually always labeled OK by convention and default, usually rendered to the screen in upper case without punctuation: OK, rather than O.Yard., Okay, or Ok. The OK button can probably be traced to user interface inquiry done for the Apple Lisa.[65] The inspiration was likely the -ok parameter in Unix' find command.[66]

The Along programming language prints ok when fix to take input from the keyboard. This prompt is used on Sun, Apple, and other computers with the Forth-based Open Firmware (OpenBoot). The appearance of ok in inappropriate contexts is the subject of some humor.[67]

In HTTP, the HyperText Transfer Protocol, upon which the World Broad Spider web is based, a successful response from the server is defined as OK (with the numerical code 200 as specified in RFC 2616). The Session Initiation Protocol also defines a response, 200 OK, which conveys success for most requests (RFC 3261).

Some Linux distributions, including those based on Cherry-red Hat, display boot progress on successive lines on-screen, which include [ OK ].

In Unicode

Several Unicode characters are related to visual renderings of OK:

  • U+1F197 🆗 SQUARED OK
  • U+1F44C 👌 OK Mitt SIGN
  • U+1F44D 👍 THUMBS Upward SIGN
  • U+1F592 🖒 REVERSED THUMBS UP SIGN
  • U+1F646 🙆 Confront WITH OK GESTURE

Notes

  1. ^ "OK, 'almost spoken word on the planet', marks its 175th ceremony" S Red china Morning Postal service. 23 March 2014.
  2. ^ a b Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth (2021), "The prosody and phonetics of OKAY in American English", in Betz, Emma; Deppermann, Arnulf; Mondada, Lorenza; Sorjonen, Marja-Leena (eds.), OKAY across Languages: Toward a comparative approach to its utilize in talk-in-interaction, Studies in Linguistic communication and Social Interaction, John Benjamins, pp. 131–173, doi:10.1075/slsi.34.05cou, ISBN9789027260284, ISSN 1879-3983
  3. ^ Beaver 2011.
  4. ^ a b Yngve, Victor. "On getting a word in edgewise," page 568. Papers from the 6th Regional Coming together [of the] Chicago Linguistic Society, 1970.
  5. ^ Betz, Emma; Sorjonen, Marja-Leena (2021), "Introduction: OKAY emerging every bit a cross-linguistic object of study in prior research", in Betz, Emma; Deppermann, Arnulf; Mondada, Lorenza; Sorjonen, Marja-Leena (eds.), OKAY beyond Languages: Toward a comparative arroyo to its use in talk-in-interaction, Studies in Language and Social Interaction, John Benjamins, pp. 2–28, doi:10.1075/slsi.34.01bet, ISBN9789027260284, ISSN 1879-3983
  6. ^ YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
  7. ^ Bailey, Richard Due west. (2002). "Allen Walker Read, American Scholar". Milestones in the History of English in America. By Read, Allen West. Bailey, Richard W. (ed.). Durham, NC: American Dialect Club, Duke Academy Printing.
     • Bailey, Richard W. (Dec 2004). "Allen Walker Read, American Scholar" (PDF). ETC: A Review of General Semantics: 433–437.
  8. ^ a b "OK or o·kay". American Heritage Dictionary of the English language Linguistic communication. Houghton Mifflin. (good summary of the results of Read's six articles)
  9. ^ Read, Allen West (1963). "The first stage in the history of "O.K"". American Speech communication. 38 (one): 5–27. doi:10.2307/453580. JSTOR 453580.
  10. ^ Read, Allen W (1963). "The second phase in the history of "O.K"". American Speech. 38 (2): 83–102. doi:ten.2307/453285. JSTOR 453285.
  11. ^ Read, Allen Due west (1963). "Could Andrew Jackson spell?". American Spoken communication. 38 (iii): 188–195. doi:ten.2307/454098. JSTOR 454098.
  12. ^ a b Read, Allen W (1964). "The folklore of "O.K."". American Speech. 39 (ane): 5–25. doi:10.2307/453922. JSTOR 453922.
  13. ^ Read, Allen W (1964). "Later stages in the history of "O.K."". American Speech. 39 (2): 83–101. doi:ten.2307/453111. JSTOR 453111.
  14. ^ Read, Allen Westward (1964). "Successive revisions in the caption of "O.K."". American Speech. 39 (4): 243–267. doi:10.2307/454321. JSTOR 454321.
  15. ^ Adams 1985.
  16. ^ a b "Allen Read". The Economist. 24 October 2002. Retrieved 29 Dec 2014.
  17. ^ Read 1941.
  18. ^ Heflin 1962.
  19. ^ a b c Fay 2007.
  20. ^ a b "okeh". Webster'south Revised Unabridged Lexicon. 1913. Archived from the original on 29 Dec 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014 – via The Free Dictionary by Farlex.
  21. ^ Byington 1915.
  22. ^ Byington 1870, p. fourteen.
  23. ^ Flickinger, Robert Elliot (1911). The Choctaw Freedmen and The Story of Oak Colina Industrial Academy. gutenberg.org.
  24. ^ Tiya Miles, Ties that Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Liberty, Academy of California Printing, 2005, pp. 170-173
  25. ^ "SLAVERY" Archived xviii October 2010 at the Wayback Car, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Civilisation, Oklahoma Historical Society, Retrieved 29 December 2014
  26. ^ Annoy 1971.
  27. ^ Hopkins.
  28. ^ DeRosier Jr, Arthur (1967). "Andrew Jackson and Negotiations for The Removal of the Choctaw Indians". The Historian. 29 (3): 343–362. doi:x.1111/j.1540-6563.1967.tb01782.x.
  29. ^ Smyth 1784, pp. 1:118–121.
  30. ^ a b c d due east Cassidy 1981.
  31. ^ Holloway & Vass 1993.
  32. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary".
  33. ^ Lighter, Jonathon, (1994). The Random Business firm Historical Dictionary of American Slang, 708.
  34. ^ LINGUIST List four.705. 14 September 1993.
  35. ^ Weber 1942.
  36. ^ Jacksonian America: "OK, O.K. or Okay?""History of Center Tennessee" by A.W. Putnam, 1859, page 252
  37. ^ Cohen, Felix Southward. (Spring 1952). "Americanizing the White Homo". The American Scholar. 21 (2): 177–191.
  38. ^ Heflin 1941, p. 90.
  39. ^ Wait 1941.
  40. ^ Mencken 1945, p. 275.
  41. ^ Dalby, David (viii January 1971). "O.M., A.O.K and O KE; The Remarkable Career Of an Americanism That Began in Africa". The New York Times. p. 31. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
     • Dalby, David (14 January 1971). "The Etymology of O.K.". The Times.
  42. ^ "I'm OK, you're okay". Grammarphobia. eleven September 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  43. ^ Pearson, Drew. "Wallace Letter to Truman Led to White House Okeh of Speech". Leningrad Times, eighteen September 1946, p. six. Retrieved on 27 July 2015.
  44. ^ Jennewein, Paul. "Okay is Okeh: Forth the Cape Fearfulness". Wilmington Morning time Star (Wilmington, North.C.), 10 June 1977, p. 1-D. Retrieved on 27 July 2015.
  45. ^ Halbrooks, Hap. "Arthur Davis' Hand Reported Okeh". Florence Times, 19 May 1955, p. 12. Retrieved on 27 July 2015.
  46. ^ Kuroshima, Satomi; Kim, Stephanie Hyeri; Hayano, Kaoru; Kim, Mary Shin; Lee, Seung-Hee (2021), "When OKAY is repeated: Closing the talk so far in Korean and Japanese conversations", in Betz, Emma; Deppermann, Arnulf; Mondada, Lorenza; Sorjonen, Marja-Leena (eds.), OKAY across Languages: Toward a comparative approach to its use in talk-in-interaction, Studies in Linguistic communication and Social Interaction, John Benjamins, pp. 236–265, doi:10.1075/slsi.34.08kur, ISBN9789027260284, ISSN 1879-3983
  47. ^ "Yeep! Yeep! Amerikansk Yeep!". LIFE Magazine. 23 July 1945. p. 62. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  48. ^ "Is the origin of the phrase "Okie Dokie Smokie" Racist?". Wordwizard . Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  49. ^ "Overview – Okie-Dokie, Artichokie!". Grace Lin . Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  50. ^ Home page of Dutch child daycare middle "okiedokie" in Udenhout.
  51. ^ Dwelling house page of 'Okie Dokie Dorp' ("Okie Dokie Village"), a children'southward vacationing heart in Wijchen.
  52. ^ Luong, Ngoc. Personal interview by Nu Alpha Pi. thirteen April 2010.
  53. ^ (in Swedish) Aftonbladet.se
  54. ^ (in Dutch) Taaladvies.net
  55. ^ (in Norwegian) Ordbok.uib.no
  56. ^ Mäkinen, Panu. "Alphabet". Phonology. Panu Mäkinen. Retrieved eight Jan 2012.
  57. ^ Wolfe, Tom (1988). The Right Stuff (17th ed.). Toronto: Bantam Books. p. 227. ISBN9780553275568 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 – via Google Books.
  58. ^ "โอเค". Thai-linguistic communication.com . Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  59. ^ "Calm Voice from Space". Time. Fourth dimension Inc. 2 March 1962. Archived from the original on 4 Feb 2013. Retrieved 3 Apr 2011.
  60. ^ iii min 37 due south video, Youtube.com
  61. ^ "Duden | o. grand. | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de . Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  62. ^ a b Armstrong, Nancy & Melissa Wagner. (2003) Field Guide to Gestures: How to Identify and Interpret Virtually Every Gesture Known to Human being. Philadelphia: Quirk Books.
  63. ^ Dangerous Torso Language Away, by Matthew Link. Posted 26 July 2010 01:00 PM. Retrieved on 17 Nov 2012
  64. ^ Body Language. Obscene, to be used with farthermost moderation! Retrieved on 17 Nov 2012
  65. ^ "Apple tree user interface designers pick OK". Sociology.org. 17 July 1980. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  66. ^ search for "-ok command ;"
  67. ^ The C Days of Y2K. [LISA '99]. USENIX. 23 Nov 1999. Retrieved 21 Feb 2011.

References

  • Adams, Cecil (1 January 1985). "What does "OK" stand up for?". The Straight Dope . Retrieved xi September 2013.
  • Badger, Herbert Andrew (1971). "A Descriptive Grammar of Mississippi Choctaw". University of Southern Mississippi. OCLC 30845851.
  • Beath, Paul L. (October 1946). "'O.Chiliad.' in Radio Sign Language". American Speech. 21 (3): 235. JSTOR 486779.
  • Beaver, David (xx February 2011). "Non OK". Linguistic communication Log . Retrieved ten Dec 2014.
  • Byington, Cryus (1870). Grammar of the Choctaw Language. McCalla & Stavely.
  • Byington, Cyrus (1915). A Dictionary of the Choctaw Language. U.Due south. Regime Printing Office.
  • Cassidy, Frederic One thousand. (Winter 1981). "OK—Is It African?". American Speech. 56 (4): 269–273. doi:10.2307/455123. JSTOR 455123.
  • Eubanks, Ralph T. (Oct 1960). "The Basic Derivation of 'O.Grand.'". American Oral communication. 35 (3): 188–192. doi:10.2307/453884. JSTOR 453884.
  • Fay, Jim (fourteen July 2007). "The Choctaw Expression "Okeh" and the Americanism "Okay"". Illinois Prairie. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2013. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  • Greco, Frank A.; Degges, Mary (Fall–Winter 1975). "The Etymology of OK Again". American Speech. fifty (3/iv): 333–335. doi:10.2307/3088024. JSTOR 3088024.
  • Heflin, Woodford A. (April 1941). "'O. K.', But What Do Nosotros Know well-nigh It?". American Speech. sixteen (2): 87–95. doi:10.2307/487428. JSTOR 487428.
  • Heflin, Woodford A. (December 1962). "'O. One thousand.' and Its Incorrect Etymology". American Voice communication. 37 (iv): 243–248. doi:10.2307/453377. JSTOR 453377.
  • Hopkins, Nicolas A. The Native Languages of the Southeastern United states (PDF) (Written report). Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  • Holloway, Joseph Eastward.; Vass, Winifred Kellersberger (1993). The African Heritage of American English . Indiana University Printing. ISBN0253328381.
  • Levin, Harry; Gray, Deborah (Autumn 1983). "The Lecturer's OK". American Speech. 58 (3): 195–200. doi:10.2307/455226. JSTOR 455226.
  • Matthews, Albert (December 1941). "A Note on 'O.One thousand.'". American Speech. 16 (four): 256–259. doi:ten.2307/486564. JSTOR 486564.
  • Mencken, H. L. (1936). The American Language (fourth ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 206–207. ISBN0394400755.
  • Mencken, H. L. (April 1942). "'O. K.,' 1840". American Spoken communication. 17 (2): 126–127. doi:10.2307/486458. JSTOR 486458.
  • Mencken, H. L. (1945). The American Language: Supplement I . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN0394400763.
  • Mencken, H. L. (24 September 1949). "The Life and Times of O.K." The New Yorker (published 1 October 1949). pp. 57–61.
  • McMillan, B. (April 1942). "'O.K.,' A Comment". American Speech. 17 (ii): 127. JSTOR 486459.
  • Pound, Louise (December 1942). "Some Folk-Locutions". American Voice communication. 17 (four): 247–250. doi:ten.2307/487190. JSTOR 487190.
  • Pound, Louise (October 1951). "2 Queries". American Spoken communication. 26 (3): 223–224. doi:x.2307/453088. JSTOR 453088.
  • Pyles, Thomas (May 1952). "'Choctaw' Okeh Again: A Note". American Speech. 27 (2): 157–158. JSTOR 454369.
  • Read, Allen Westward. (nineteen July 1941). "The Show on O.K.". Saturday Review of Literature. pp. 3–four, 10–11.
  • Rife, J. M. (October 1966). "The Early Spread of "O. K." to Greek Schools". American Spoken communication. 41 (3): 238. JSTOR 454033.
  • Smyth, J. F. D. (1784). A Tour in the The states of America. G. Robinson. ISBN9780665412226.
  • Wait, William Bong (April 1941). "Richardson'southward 'O. K.' of 1815". American Spoken language. 16 (2): 136. doi:10.2307/487427. JSTOR 487427.
  • Walser, Richard (May 1965). "A Boston "O.K." Poem in 1840". American Speech. twoscore (2): 120–126. doi:10.2307/453718. JSTOR 453718.
  • Weber, Robert (April 1942). "A Greek O.Grand.". American Speech. 17 (ii): 127–128. JSTOR 486460.

Further reading

  • Metcalf, Allan. (2011). OK: The Improbable Story of America's Greatest Word. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 978-0-xix-537793-4
  • Betz, Emma; Deppermann, Arnulf; Mondada, Lorenza; Sorjonen, Marja-Leena (2021). OKAY across Languages: Toward a comparative approach to its use in talk-in-interaction. Studies in Language and Social Interaction 34. John Benjamins. doi:10.1075/slsi.34. ISBN9789027260284.

External links

  • Why we say "OK" - Vox News produced video
  • The Choctaw Expression Okeh and the Americanism Okay
  • Ok. Allow'southward continue.
  • NPR: The Origin of OK (audio)
  • FAQ: "OK"
  • BBC: How 'OK' took over the world. Retrieved 18 February 2011.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK

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